Blender for Windows and other operating systems can be downloaded here. I recommend downloading the "portable" version.

Documentation:

EN Blender's Wiki - the official user documentation for Blender, including developer documentation
EN Blender Manual - the official manual, containing a large number of topics and occasionally some tutorials (continuously updated)

Tutorials:

EN Building a House - a tutorial for creating a simple house
EN Tutorials - the official tutorials page, currently not very extensive but continuously growing
EN Blender Guru Tutorials - excellent tutorials from a true Blender expert
EN 31 Blender tutorials - tutorials to improve your 3D modelling skills
EN Blender 3D: Noob to Pro - a wiki book created with the support of a huge number of contributors ("from beginner to professional")
SK A. Belan (ŠpMNDaG) - Blender - 15 lessons on Blender, very engagingly written. Suitable not only for secondary school students
EN Your First Animation (Part 1, Part 2) - a detailed guide to creating an animated gingerbread man in 30+30 minutes (for absolute beginners)
EN Diffeomorphic BVH Retargeter - a guide on how to assign animation stored in the bvh format to the skeleton of an object you want to animate

Video tutorials:

EN Blender Fundamentals - a set of video tutorials for beginners with short videos to get acquainted with Blender and its features
EN Blender 2.8 Beginner Tutorial Series - basics of working in Blender 2.8 presented by a creator of excellent video courses
EN Blender 3D Design Course - a teacher's page at TUFTS University containing video and pdf lessons for Blender
EN Blender Cookie - an engaging website mainly containing video tutorials sorted into many categories (also suitable for beginners)
EN Armature Rigging - Monkey Man - a set of video tutorials on how to animate a character using inverse kinematics
EN Human meta rig (easy and fast) - a tutorial describing the use of the rigify plugin in character animation creation

PDF downloads:

SK Blender - a brief introduction to 3D modelling and animation - a 280-page book by a Slovak secondary school teacher for grammar schools and gifted children
EN Blender Basics Classroom Tutorial Book - another 260+ page book by an American teacher divided into 25 secondary school lessons
EN Blender Tutorial Guide (zip) - an excellent, only 50-page booklet with 10 lessons (suitable for first acquaintance with Blender)
EN Blender 3D Design Course - pdf tutorials including blend files from a teacher at TUFTS University
EN BlenderArt magazine - an electronic magazine about Blender, for those who use Blender or want to learn more about it
EN Blender Hotkeys - a clear list of Blender "hotkeys"

Resources for Blender, galleries, films:

EN BlenderKit - more than 1800 free materials and 3D models available via a plugin for Blender
EN Blendermada - an extensive library of materials for the Cycles renderer
EN Motion capture database (Daz friendly BVH) - a database of about 2500 motions suitable for import into Blender
EN Art Gallery - a gallery of beautiful creations 100% made in Blender, sometimes with non-Blender renderers (definitely worth a look)
EN Open movies - short films created using Blender. One or two are added every year or two. Spring is the latest so far, but I personally prefer the oldest one called Elephants Dream

Files (images, plugins, ...) for download:

MakeHuman Community - plugin for importing MakeHuman models into Blender
BVH Retargeter - plugin for importing motion files (bvh) and retargeting them to a custom skeleton created, for example, using rigify
MHX2 Import - plugin for importing MakeHuman Exchange (mhx2) files with the option to choose the skeleton type (including rigify)
Amc2Bvh - a program for converting motion files from amc to bvh format
Walk cycle right view - an image of the phases of walking viewed from the side (rigify skeleton)
Walk cycle front view - an image of the phases of walking viewed from the front (rigify skeleton)
Footage video - a short video demonstrating the process of motion/camera tracking
Green screen video - a video file for chroma keying
Indian woman dance - a demonstration Blender file featuring a dancing Indian woman